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Major revolts by silk workers in Lyon in France, known collectively as the Canut revolts ((フランス語:Révolte des canuts)), occurred in 1831, 1834 and 1848. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the period known as the Industrial Revolution. The word Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers. The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a bad economy and a resultant drop in silk prices, which caused a drop in workers' wages. In an effort to maintain their standard of living, the workers tried to see a minimum price imposed on silk. The refusal of the manufacturers to pay this price infuriated the workers, who went into open revolt. They seized the arsenal and repulsed the local national guard and military in a bloody battle, which left the insurgents in control of the town. The government sent Marshal Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. Though some workers were arrested, all were eventually acquitted. The revolt ended, with the minimum price abolished and with the workers no better off. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred in a prosperous economy that had caused a surge in workers' wages. Owners saw these wages as too high, so they attempted to impose a wage decrease. This combined with laws that oppressed republican groups caused the workers to rebel. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents. A third insurrection occurred in 1848. Although it was as violent and was motivated by almost identical worker exploitation, 1848 was a year of revolution all over Europe and it did not acquire the same renown as that of 1831. Indeed, the revolt of 1831 encouraged many other worker revolts of the 19th century. ==Silk industry in Lyon at the beginning of the 19th century== At the beginning of the 19th century, the textile industry was the main industrial activity of Lyon and the surrounding region. The livelihood of half of the population of Lyon was dependent on the silk weaving industry. In 1831, the production of silk goods in Lyon was still organised in a manner similar to that of the pre-industrial era: *At the top of the socio-economic pyramid was the ''grande fabrique'' (literally ''great manufacture''), a group of about 1,400 bankers and traders named ''fabricants'' (''manufacturers'') or ''soyeux'' (''silkers''), who controlled and financed the manufacture and commercialisation of the goods.〔 Grande encyclopédie Larousse, 1972, p.2282-83〕 *The manufacturers contracted about 8,000 chief weaving craftsmen, the canuts, who were paid either for a specific order or per piece. The Canuts owned their own looms, generally between 2 and 6, depending on the size of the workshop.〔 *The Canuts employed about 30,000 apprentices, who were paid by the day, but generally lived with the canut, who lodged and fed them, and with whom they shared a similar standard of living.〔 *Women were also employed at a lesser salary, as were apprentices and errand boys. These workers filled a wide variety of professions: ''gareurs'' (mechanics who repair and adjust the looms), ''satinaires'' (women who prepare the satin), ''battandiers'' (who make the tools necessary for the weaving), ''metteurs en carte'' (who make the coded tables indicating the colour and characteristics of the silk to be used, according to the drawing provided by the customer), ''liseurs'' (who create the perforated cards for the Jacquard loom), ''magnanerelles'' (women working in the magnaneries—silk-raising farms), warpers, embroiderers, silk folders, spinners, ''ourdisseuses'' (women who prepare the shape of the piece to be woven onto a machine prior to it being placed on the loom), dyers, etc. While most of the workshops were situated in houses in the arrondissement of Pentes de la Croix-Rousse, some were also located in Saint-Georges, in Vieux Lyon, Bourgneuf, La Guillotière and Vaise. There was only one industrial grade factory, the silk factory of la Sauvagère, employing 600 workers, in Saint-Rambert-l'Île-Barbe. The value of silk, as with any luxury product, depended on the economy. A large portion of the demand was from North America, and was very susceptible to competition and change. During the First French Empire, the government accepted, or at least tolerated, the price fixing done in Lyon. The increased revenue from price fixing allowed greater salaries throughout the system. After the economic crisis of 1825, with the support of Catholic royalists, the canuts and their companions had created mutual assistance societies. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「canut revolts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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